B2 Applied Science Part 4: Applied Science

For two thousand years, pepper, cinnamon, and cloves travelled farther than any person. Grown on islands in Southeast Asia, spices crossed the Indian Ocean in Arab dhows, rode camel caravans to Venice, and reached European tables at a hundred times their harvest price. Fortunes depended on them: Venice built palaces on pepper profits, and Portugal sent caravels around Africa to seize the trade. The search for a shorter route led Columbus west to the Americas. Today containers carry the same spices cheaply, yet the old route survives in words like salary, once paid in salt, and in cuisines blending continents on a single plate. Trade shaped tastes on both ends of the route. Indian cooks absorbed chillies from the Americas and built the curries now considered traditional; European bakers folded cinnamon and nutmeg into cakes; Arab merchants preserved coffee and sugar in words that travelled with the goods. Ports that once grew rich on pepper later lost their advantage to steam ships and the Suez Canal, which made the long ocean voyage short. What remained was the demand itself, now met by container ships and supermarket shelves. Historians argue that the spice trade deserves its fame less for the luxuries involved than for what it built: credit systems, insurance, navigation charts, and the first truly global supply chains.

This lesson practices clear paragraph structure: one main idea per paragraph, stated first, supported with two concrete details, and closed with a linking sentence. Prefer active verbs and precise nouns. Connect ideas with however for contrast, furthermore for addition, and therefore for consequence. Keep sentences under twenty-five words so each claim stays traceable to its evidence. Practice by labeling each sentence in the reading: underline the main verb, circle the time marker, and check that every they and it points to a named noun. Rewrite any three sentences in your own words while keeping tense and meaning intact. Theme: policy. Reading: The Spice Route.