B2 Applied Science Part 2: Applied Science

Eight million tonnes of plastic enter the ocean each year, and rivers carry most of it from a thousand polluted waterways. Sunlight cracks bottles into microplastics that fish mistake for food; the particles climb the food chain into seabirds, seals, and humans. Cleanup ships help, but experts agree the leak must be stopped first. Rwanda and Kenya banned thin plastic bags, and beach litter fell sharply within two years. Deposit schemes in Germany recover 98 percent of bottles through a small refundable fee. Engineers design refill stations and compostable wrappers, yet the cheapest fix remains refusing single-use items we use for minutes and keep for centuries. Progress is uneven but visible. In countries with deposit schemes, litter surveys find fewer bottles on beaches, and recycling plants report cleaner material because refunds reward sorting. Refill shops report steady growth among customers who bring their own containers, though they remain a small share of the market. Researchers warn that recycling alone cannot match production, which is still rising, and that some substitutes create new problems: paper bags require more energy to make than the plastic they replace. The most promising policies combine charges on single-use items, standards for recycled content, and rules that make producers pay for collection. Consumers notice the difference mainly in small habits, not in dramatic bans.

This lesson practices clear paragraph structure: one main idea per paragraph, stated first, supported with two concrete details, and closed with a linking sentence. Prefer active verbs and precise nouns. Connect ideas with however for contrast, furthermore for addition, and therefore for consequence. Keep sentences under twenty-five words so each claim stays traceable to its evidence. Practice by labeling each sentence in the reading: underline the main verb, circle the time marker, and check that every they and it points to a named noun. Rewrite any three sentences in your own words while keeping tense and meaning intact. Theme: policy. Reading: Turning the Plastic Tide.